diff --git a/part2/elm-package.json b/part2/elm-package.json
index 2a97361..7c979f1 100644
--- a/part2/elm-package.json
+++ b/part2/elm-package.json
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
         "evancz/url-parser": "2.0.1 <= v < 3.0.0",
         "lukewestby/elm-http-builder": "5.1.0 <= v < 6.0.0",
         "mgold/elm-date-format": "1.3.0 <= v < 2.0.0",
-        "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "2.0.0 <= v < 3.0.0",
+        "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "3.0.0 <= v < 4.0.0",
         "rtfeldman/selectlist": "1.0.0 <= v < 2.0.0"
     },
     "elm-version": "0.18.0 <= v < 0.19.0"
diff --git a/part2/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json b/part2/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json
index 0298d1a..77b48b4 100644
--- a/part2/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json
+++ b/part2/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-    "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "2.0.0",
+    "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "3.0.0",
     "rtfeldman/selectlist": "1.0.0",
     "elm-lang/navigation": "2.1.0",
     "elm-lang/virtual-dom": "2.0.4",
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/.gitignore b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/.gitignore
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/.gitignore
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/CHANGELOG.md b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/CHANGELOG.md
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/LICENSE b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/LICENSE
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/LICENSE
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/LICENSE
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/README.md b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/README.md
similarity index 86%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/README.md
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/README.md
index be1baf7..423e1b7 100644
--- a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/README.md
+++ b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/README.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ type alias Model =
     { name : String, email : String, age : String, selections : List String }
 
 
-modelValidator : Validator Model String
+modelValidator : Validator String Model
 modelValidator =
     Validate.all
         [ ifBlank .name "Please enter a name."
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ modelValidator =
 
 validate modelValidator
     { name = "Sam", email = "", age = "abc", selections = [ "cats" ] }
-    == [ "Please enter an email address.", "Age must be a whole number." ]
-    --> True
+    --> [ "Please enter an email address.", "Age must be a whole number." ]
 ```
 
 You can represent your errors however you like. One nice approach is to use
@@ -56,8 +55,7 @@ type alias Model =
 
 validate modelValidator
     { name = "Sam", email = "", age = "abc", selections = [ "cats" ] }
-    == [ ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
-       , ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
-       ]
-    --> True
+    --> [ ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
+    --> , ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
+    --> ]
 ```
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/elm-package.json b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/elm-package.json
similarity index 94%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/elm-package.json
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/elm-package.json
index 395c724..3afc2ea 100644
--- a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/elm-package.json
+++ b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/elm-package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-    "version": "2.0.0",
+    "version": "3.0.0",
     "summary": "Convenience functions for validating data.",
     "repository": "https://github.com/rtfeldman/elm-validate.git",
     "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/examples/elm-package.json b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/elm-package.json
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/examples/elm-package.json
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/elm-package.json
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/src/Validate.elm b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/src/Validate.elm
similarity index 75%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/src/Validate.elm
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/src/Validate.elm
index 211abfa..4d1b4a1 100644
--- a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/src/Validate.elm
+++ b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/src/Validate.elm
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ module Validate
         , all
         , any
         , firstError
+        , fromErrors
         , ifBlank
         , ifEmptyDict
         , ifEmptyList
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ module Validate
 
 {-| Convenience functions for validating data.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
 
     type Field = Name | Email | Age
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ module Validate
 
 # Creating validators
 
-@docs ifBlank, ifNotInt, ifEmptyList, ifEmptyDict, ifEmptySet, ifNothing, ifInvalidEmail, ifTrue, ifFalse
+@docs ifBlank, ifNotInt, ifEmptyList, ifEmptyDict, ifEmptySet, ifNothing, ifInvalidEmail, ifTrue, ifFalse, fromErrors
 
 
 # Combining validators
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ type Validator error subject
 {-| Return an error if the given predicate returns `True` for the given
 subject.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
 
     type Field = Name | Email | Age
 
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ validate (Validator getErrors) subject =
 {-| Return an error if the given `String` is empty, or if it contains only
 whitespace characters.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifBlank, ifNotInt)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank)
 
     modelValidator : Validator Model String
     modelValidator =
@@ -132,10 +133,31 @@ ifBlank subjectToString error =
 
 
 {-| Return an error if the given `String` cannot be parsed as an `Int`.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifNotInt)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifNotInt .followers (\_ -> "Please enter a whole number for followers.")
+            , ifNotInt .stars (\stars -> "Stars was \"" ++ stars ++ "\", but it needs to be a whole number.")"
+            ]
+
 -}
-ifNotInt : (subject -> String) -> error -> Validator error subject
-ifNotInt subjectToString error =
-    ifFalse (\subject -> isInt (subjectToString subject)) error
+ifNotInt : (subject -> String) -> (String -> error) -> Validator error subject
+ifNotInt subjectToString errorFromString =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            let
+                str =
+                    subjectToString subject
+            in
+            if isInt str then
+                []
+            else
+                [ errorFromString str ]
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
 
 
 {-| Return an error if a `List` is empty.
@@ -167,16 +189,65 @@ ifNothing subjectToMaybe error =
 
 
 {-| Return an error if an email address is malformed.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifInvalidEmail .primaryEmail (\_ -> "Please enter a valid primary email address.")
+            , ifInvalidEmail .superSecretEmail (\email -> "Unfortunately, \"" ++ email ++ "\" is not a valid Super Secret Email Address.")
+            ]
+
 -}
-ifInvalidEmail : (subject -> String) -> error -> Validator error subject
-ifInvalidEmail subjectToEmail error =
-    ifFalse (\subject -> isValidEmail (subjectToEmail subject)) error
+ifInvalidEmail : (subject -> String) -> (String -> error) -> Validator error subject
+ifInvalidEmail subjectToEmail errorFromEmail =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            let
+                email =
+                    subjectToEmail subject
+            in
+            if isValidEmail email then
+                []
+            else
+                [ errorFromEmail email ]
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
+
+
+{-| Create a custom validator, by providing a function that returns a list of
+errors given a subject.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, fromErrors)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        fromErrors modelToErrors
+
+    modelToErrors : Model -> List String
+    modelToErrors model =
+        let
+            usernameLength =
+                String.length model.username
+        in
+        if usernameLength < minUsernameChars then
+            [ "Username not long enough" ]
+        else if usernameLength > maxUsernameChars then
+            [ "Username too long" ]
+        else
+            []
+
+-}
+fromErrors : (subject -> List error) -> Validator error subject
+fromErrors toErrors =
+    Validator toErrors
 
 
 {-| Return an error if a predicate returns `True` for the given
 subject.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifTrue)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifTrue)
 
     modelValidator : Validator Model String
     modelValidator =
@@ -199,7 +270,7 @@ ifTrue test error =
 {-| Return an error if a predicate returns `False` for the given
 subject.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifFalse)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifFalse)
 
     modelValidator : Validator Model String
     modelValidator =
@@ -226,7 +297,7 @@ ifFalse test error =
 {-| Run each of the given validators, in order, and return their concatenated
 error lists.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifBlank, ifNotInt)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt)
 
     modelValidator : Validator Model String
     modelValidator =
@@ -253,7 +324,7 @@ all validators =
 {-| Run each of the given validators, in order, stopping after the first error
 and returning it. If no errors are encountered, return `Nothing`.
 
-    import Validate exposing (ifBlank, ifInvalidEmail, ifNotInt)
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifInvalidEmail, ifNotInt)
 
 
     type alias Model =
@@ -337,7 +408,7 @@ isBlank str =
     Regex.contains lacksNonWhitespaceChars str
 
 
-{-| Returns `True` if the email is malformed.
+{-| Returns `True` if the email is valid.
 
 [`ifInvalidEmail`](#ifInvalidEmail) uses this under the hood.
 
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/tests/elm-package.json b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-package.json
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/tests/elm-package.json
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-package.json
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json b/part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json
similarity index 100%
rename from part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/2.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json
rename to part2/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json
diff --git a/part2/src/Data/Article/Author.elm b/part2/src/Data/Article/Author.elm
index ab8f108..a632508 100644
--- a/part2/src/Data/Article/Author.elm
+++ b/part2/src/Data/Article/Author.elm
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module Data.Article.Author exposing (Author, decoder)
 import Data.User as User exposing (Username)
 import Data.UserPhoto as UserPhoto exposing (UserPhoto)
 import Json.Decode as Decode exposing (Decoder)
-import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (custom, decode, required)
+import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (custom, decode, optional, required)
 
 
 decoder : Decoder Author
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ decoder =
         |> required "username" User.usernameDecoder
         |> required "bio" (Decode.nullable Decode.string)
         |> required "image" UserPhoto.decoder
-        |> required "following" Decode.bool
+        |> optional "following" Decode.bool False
 
 
 type alias Author =
diff --git a/part2/src/Data/User.elm b/part2/src/Data/User.elm
index 40f6338..aa60a0c 100644
--- a/part2/src/Data/User.elm
+++ b/part2/src/Data/User.elm
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import Data.AuthToken as AuthToken exposing (AuthToken)
 import Data.UserPhoto as UserPhoto exposing (UserPhoto)
 import Html exposing (Html)
 import Json.Decode as Decode exposing (Decoder)
-import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (decode, required)
+import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (decode, optional, required)
 import Json.Encode as Encode exposing (Value)
 import Json.Encode.Extra as EncodeExtra
 import UrlParser
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ type alias User =
     , username : Username
     , bio : Maybe String
     , image : UserPhoto
-    , createdAt : String
-    , updatedAt : String
     }
 
 
@@ -33,8 +31,6 @@ decoder =
         |> required "username" usernameDecoder
         |> required "bio" (Decode.nullable Decode.string)
         |> required "image" UserPhoto.decoder
-        |> required "createdAt" Decode.string
-        |> required "updatedAt" Decode.string
 
 
 encode : User -> Value
@@ -45,8 +41,6 @@ encode user =
         , ( "username", encodeUsername user.username )
         , ( "bio", EncodeExtra.maybe Encode.string user.bio )
         , ( "image", UserPhoto.encode user.image )
-        , ( "createdAt", Encode.string user.createdAt )
-        , ( "updatedAt", Encode.string user.updatedAt )
         ]
 
 
diff --git a/part2/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm b/part2/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm
index a97715c..bf7f768 100644
--- a/part2/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm
+++ b/part2/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm
@@ -39,7 +39,15 @@ photoToUrl : UserPhoto -> String
 photoToUrl (UserPhoto maybeUrl) =
     case maybeUrl of
         Nothing ->
-            "https://static.productionready.io/images/smiley-cyrus.jpg"
+            defaultPhotoUrl
+
+        Just "" ->
+            defaultPhotoUrl
 
         Just url ->
             url
+
+
+defaultPhotoUrl : String
+defaultPhotoUrl =
+    "/assets/images/smiley-cyrus.jpg"
diff --git a/part2/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm b/part2/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm
index bb1c579..8ba8e27 100644
--- a/part2/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm
+++ b/part2/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import Data.Article as Article exposing (Article, Body)
 import Data.Session exposing (Session)
 import Data.User exposing (User)
 import Html exposing (..)
-import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, disabled, href, id, placeholder, type_, value)
+import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, defaultValue, disabled, href, id, placeholder, type_)
 import Html.Events exposing (onInput, onSubmit)
 import Http
 import Page.Errored exposing (PageLoadError, pageLoadError)
@@ -102,26 +102,26 @@ viewForm model =
                 [ class "form-control-lg"
                 , placeholder "Article Title"
                 , onInput SetTitle
-                , value model.title
+                , defaultValue model.title
                 ]
                 []
             , Form.input
                 [ placeholder "What's this article about?"
                 , onInput SetDescription
-                , value model.description
+                , defaultValue model.description
                 ]
                 []
             , Form.textarea
                 [ placeholder "Write your article (in markdown)"
                 , attribute "rows" "8"
                 , onInput SetBody
-                , value model.body
+                , defaultValue model.body
                 ]
                 []
             , Form.input
                 [ placeholder "Enter tags"
                 , onInput SetTags
-                , value (String.join " " model.tags)
+                , defaultValue (String.join " " model.tags)
                 ]
                 []
             , button [ class "btn btn-lg pull-xs-right btn-primary", disabled model.isSaving ]
diff --git a/part2/src/Page/Register.elm b/part2/src/Page/Register.elm
index 3349060..e1e09a2 100644
--- a/part2/src/Page/Register.elm
+++ b/part2/src/Page/Register.elm
@@ -186,10 +186,23 @@ modelValidator =
     Validate.all
         [ ifBlank .username ( Username, "username can't be blank." )
         , ifBlank .email ( Email, "email can't be blank." )
-        , ifBlank .password ( Password, "password can't be blank." )
+        , Validate.fromErrors passwordLength
         ]
 
 
+minPasswordChars : Int
+minPasswordChars =
+    6
+
+
+passwordLength : Model -> List Error
+passwordLength { password } =
+    if String.length password < minPasswordChars then
+        [ ( Password, "password must be at least " ++ toString minPasswordChars ++ " characters long." ) ]
+    else
+        []
+
+
 errorsDecoder : Decoder (List String)
 errorsDecoder =
     decode (\email username password -> List.concat [ email, username, password ])
diff --git a/part2/src/Views/Article.elm b/part2/src/Views/Article.elm
index 180b1ec..c1f229b 100644
--- a/part2/src/Views/Article.elm
+++ b/part2/src/Views/Article.elm
@@ -7,12 +7,22 @@ import Data.Article exposing (Article)
 import Data.UserPhoto as UserPhoto exposing (UserPhoto)
 import Date.Format
 import Html exposing (..)
-import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, classList, href, id, src)
+import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, classList, href, id, placeholder, src)
 import Route exposing (Route)
 import Views.Article.Favorite as Favorite
 import Views.Author
 
 
+-- VIEWS --
+
+
+{-| Some pages want to view just the timestamp, not the whole article.
+-}
+viewTimestamp : Article a -> Html msg
+viewTimestamp article =
+    span [ class "date" ] [ text (formattedTimestamp article) ]
+
+
 view : (Article a -> msg) -> Article a -> Html msg
 view toggleFavorite article =
     let
@@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ view toggleFavorite article =
                 [ img [ UserPhoto.src author.image ] [] ]
             , div [ class "info" ]
                 [ Views.Author.view author.username
-                , viewTimestamp article
+                , span [ class "date" ] [ text (formattedTimestamp article) ]
                 ]
             , Favorite.button
                 toggleFavorite
@@ -41,9 +51,8 @@ view toggleFavorite article =
         ]
 
 
-viewTimestamp : Article a -> Html msg
-viewTimestamp article =
-    span [ class "date" ] [ text (formattedTimestamp article) ]
+
+-- INTERNAL --
 
 
 formattedTimestamp : Article a -> String
diff --git a/part3/elm-package.json b/part3/elm-package.json
index 2a97361..7c979f1 100644
--- a/part3/elm-package.json
+++ b/part3/elm-package.json
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
         "evancz/url-parser": "2.0.1 <= v < 3.0.0",
         "lukewestby/elm-http-builder": "5.1.0 <= v < 6.0.0",
         "mgold/elm-date-format": "1.3.0 <= v < 2.0.0",
-        "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "2.0.0 <= v < 3.0.0",
+        "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "3.0.0 <= v < 4.0.0",
         "rtfeldman/selectlist": "1.0.0 <= v < 2.0.0"
     },
     "elm-version": "0.18.0 <= v < 0.19.0"
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json b/part3/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json
index 0298d1a..77b48b4 100644
--- a/part3/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/exact-dependencies.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-    "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "2.0.0",
+    "rtfeldman/elm-validate": "3.0.0",
     "rtfeldman/selectlist": "1.0.0",
     "elm-lang/navigation": "2.1.0",
     "elm-lang/virtual-dom": "2.0.4",
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/.gitignore b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..572b5fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Logs
+logs
+*.log
+
+# Runtime data
+pids
+*.pid
+*.seed
+
+# Directory for instrumented libs generated by jscoverage/JSCover
+lib-cov
+
+# Coverage directory used by tools like istanbul
+coverage
+
+# Grunt intermediate storage (http://gruntjs.com/creating-plugins#storing-task-files)
+.grunt
+
+# node-waf configuration
+.lock-wscript
+
+# Compiled binary addons (http://nodejs.org/api/addons.html)
+build/Release
+
+# Dependency directory
+# https://www.npmjs.org/doc/misc/npm-faq.html#should-i-check-my-node_modules-folder-into-git
+node_modules
+
+# Elm packages and build artifacts
+elm-stuff
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9030e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+## Releases
+| Version | Notes |
+| ------- | ----- |
+| [**2.0.0**](https://github.com/rtfeldman/elm-validate/tree/1.0.0) | Change Validator to be a union type, replace `ifInvalid` with `ifTrue` and `ifFalse`, rearrange arguments of `ifBlank` and similar functions, replace `eager` with `firstError`, and expose `isBlank`, `isInt`, and `isValidEmail`.
+| [**1.0.0**](https://github.com/rtfeldman/elm-validate/tree/1.0.0) | Initial Release
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/LICENSE b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af711e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Copyright (c) 2015, Richard Feldman
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of elm-validate nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/README.md b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..423e1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# elm-validate
+
+`elm-validate` provides convenience functions for validating data.
+
+It is based around the idea of a `Validator`, which runs checks on a
+subject and returns a list of errors representing anything invalid about
+that subject. If the list is empty, the subject is valid.
+
+For example:
+
+```elm
+import Validate exposing (ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
+
+
+type alias Model =
+    { name : String, email : String, age : String, selections : List String }
+
+
+modelValidator : Validator String Model
+modelValidator =
+    Validate.all
+        [ ifBlank .name "Please enter a name."
+        , ifBlank .email "Please enter an email address."
+        , ifNotInt .age "Age must be a whole number."
+        , ifEmptyList .selections "Please select at least one."
+        ]
+
+
+validate modelValidator
+    { name = "Sam", email = "", age = "abc", selections = [ "cats" ] }
+    --> [ "Please enter an email address.", "Age must be a whole number." ]
+```
+
+You can represent your errors however you like. One nice approach is to use
+tuple of the error message and the field responsible for the error:
+
+```elm
+type Field =
+    Name | Email | Age | Selections
+
+
+modelValidator : Validator ( Field, String ) Model
+modelValidator =
+    Validate.all
+        [ ifBlank .name ( Name, "Please enter a name." )
+        , ifBlank .email ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
+        , ifNotInt .age ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
+        , ifEmptyList .selections ( Selections, "Please select at least one." )
+        ]
+
+
+type alias Model =
+    { name : String, email : String, age : String }
+
+
+validate modelValidator
+    { name = "Sam", email = "", age = "abc", selections = [ "cats" ] }
+    --> [ ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
+    --> , ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
+    --> ]
+```
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/elm-package.json b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/elm-package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3afc2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/elm-package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+    "version": "3.0.0",
+    "summary": "Convenience functions for validating data.",
+    "repository": "https://github.com/rtfeldman/elm-validate.git",
+    "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "source-directories": [
+        "src"
+    ],
+    "exposed-modules": [
+        "Validate"
+    ],
+    "dependencies": {
+        "elm-lang/core": "5.0.0 <= v < 6.0.0"
+    },
+    "elm-version": "0.18.0 <= v < 0.19.0"
+}
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6514a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/SignupForm.elm
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+module SignupForm exposing (..)
+
+import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifEmptyList, ifInvalidEmail, ifNotInt, validate)
+
+
+type alias Model =
+    { name : String, email : String, age : String, selections : List Float }
+
+
+type Field
+    = Name
+    | Email
+    | Age
+    | Selections
+
+
+modelValidator : Validator ( Field, String ) Model
+modelValidator =
+    Validate.all
+        [ ifBlank .name ( Name, "Please enter a name." )
+        , Validate.firstError
+            [ ifBlank .email ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
+            , ifInvalidEmail .email ( Email, "This is not a valid email address." )
+            ]
+        , ifNotInt .age ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
+        , ifEmptyList .selections ( Selections, "Please select at least one." )
+        ]
+
+
+result : Bool
+result =
+    validate modelValidator
+        { name = "Sam", email = "", age = "abc", selections = [ 1.2 ] }
+        == [ ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
+           , ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
+           ]
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/elm-package.json b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/elm-package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d4a10a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/examples/elm-package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "summary": "Examples for elm-validate",
+    "repository": "https://github.com/rtfeldman/elm-validate.git",
+    "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "source-directories": [
+        "../src",
+        "."
+    ],
+    "exposed-modules": [],
+    "dependencies": {
+        "elm-lang/core": "5.0.0 <= v < 6.0.0"
+    },
+    "elm-version": "0.18.0 <= v < 0.19.0"
+}
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/src/Validate.elm b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/src/Validate.elm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d1b4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/src/Validate.elm
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+module Validate
+    exposing
+        ( Validator
+        , all
+        , any
+        , firstError
+        , fromErrors
+        , ifBlank
+        , ifEmptyDict
+        , ifEmptyList
+        , ifEmptySet
+        , ifFalse
+        , ifInvalidEmail
+        , ifNotInt
+        , ifNothing
+        , ifTrue
+        , isBlank
+        , isInt
+        , isValidEmail
+        , validate
+        )
+
+{-| Convenience functions for validating data.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
+
+    type Field = Name | Email | Age
+
+    type alias Model = { name : String, email : String, age : String }
+
+    modelValidator : Validator String Model
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifBlank .name "Please enter a name."
+            , Validate.firstError
+                [ ifBlank .email "Please enter an email address."
+                , ifInvalidEmail .email "This is not a valid email address."
+                ]
+            , ifNotInt .age "Age must be a whole number."
+            ]
+
+    validate modelValidator { name = "Sam", email = "blah", age = "abc" }
+        --> [ "This is not a valid email address.", "Age must be a whole number." ]
+
+
+# Validating a subject
+
+@docs Validator, validate
+
+
+# Creating validators
+
+@docs ifBlank, ifNotInt, ifEmptyList, ifEmptyDict, ifEmptySet, ifNothing, ifInvalidEmail, ifTrue, ifFalse, fromErrors
+
+
+# Combining validators
+
+@docs all, any, firstError
+
+
+# Checking values directly
+
+@docs isBlank, isInt, isValidEmail
+
+-}
+
+import Dict exposing (Dict)
+import Regex exposing (Regex)
+import Set exposing (Set)
+import String
+
+
+-- VALIDATING A SUBJECT --
+
+
+{-| A `Validator` contains a function which takes a subject and returns a list
+of errors describing anything invalid about that subject.
+
+Pass it to [`validate`](#validate) to get the list of errors.
+An empty error list means the subject was valid.
+
+-}
+type Validator error subject
+    = Validator (subject -> List error)
+
+
+{-| Return an error if the given predicate returns `True` for the given
+subject.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt, validate)
+
+    type Field = Name | Email | Age
+
+    type alias Model = { name : String, email : String, age : String }
+
+    modelValidator : Validator ( Field, String ) Model
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifBlank .name ( Name, "Please enter a name." )
+            , ifBlank .email ( Email, "Please enter an email address." )
+            , ifNotInt .age ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." )
+            ]
+
+    validate modelValidator { name = "Sam", email = "", age = "abc" }
+        --> [ ( Email, "Please enter an email address." ), ( Age, "Age must be a whole number." ) ]
+
+-}
+validate : Validator error subject -> subject -> List error
+validate (Validator getErrors) subject =
+    getErrors subject
+
+
+
+-- CONSTRUCTING VALIDATORS --
+
+
+{-| Return an error if the given `String` is empty, or if it contains only
+whitespace characters.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifBlank .name "Please enter a name."
+            , ifBlank .email "Please enter an email address."
+            ]
+
+-}
+ifBlank : (subject -> String) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifBlank subjectToString error =
+    ifTrue (\subject -> isBlank (subjectToString subject)) error
+
+
+{-| Return an error if the given `String` cannot be parsed as an `Int`.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifNotInt)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifNotInt .followers (\_ -> "Please enter a whole number for followers.")
+            , ifNotInt .stars (\stars -> "Stars was \"" ++ stars ++ "\", but it needs to be a whole number.")"
+            ]
+
+-}
+ifNotInt : (subject -> String) -> (String -> error) -> Validator error subject
+ifNotInt subjectToString errorFromString =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            let
+                str =
+                    subjectToString subject
+            in
+            if isInt str then
+                []
+            else
+                [ errorFromString str ]
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
+
+
+{-| Return an error if a `List` is empty.
+-}
+ifEmptyList : (subject -> List a) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifEmptyList subjectToList error =
+    ifTrue (\subject -> List.isEmpty (subjectToList subject)) error
+
+
+{-| Return an error if a `Dict` is empty.
+-}
+ifEmptyDict : (subject -> Dict comparable v) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifEmptyDict subjectToDict error =
+    ifTrue (\subject -> Dict.isEmpty (subjectToDict subject)) error
+
+
+{-| Return an error if a `Set` is empty.
+-}
+ifEmptySet : (subject -> Set comparable) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifEmptySet subjectToSet error =
+    ifTrue (\subject -> Set.isEmpty (subjectToSet subject)) error
+
+
+{-| Return an error if a `Maybe` is `Nothing`.
+-}
+ifNothing : (subject -> Maybe a) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifNothing subjectToMaybe error =
+    ifTrue (\subject -> subjectToMaybe subject == Nothing) error
+
+
+{-| Return an error if an email address is malformed.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifInvalidEmail .primaryEmail (\_ -> "Please enter a valid primary email address.")
+            , ifInvalidEmail .superSecretEmail (\email -> "Unfortunately, \"" ++ email ++ "\" is not a valid Super Secret Email Address.")
+            ]
+
+-}
+ifInvalidEmail : (subject -> String) -> (String -> error) -> Validator error subject
+ifInvalidEmail subjectToEmail errorFromEmail =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            let
+                email =
+                    subjectToEmail subject
+            in
+            if isValidEmail email then
+                []
+            else
+                [ errorFromEmail email ]
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
+
+
+{-| Create a custom validator, by providing a function that returns a list of
+errors given a subject.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, fromErrors)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        fromErrors modelToErrors
+
+    modelToErrors : Model -> List String
+    modelToErrors model =
+        let
+            usernameLength =
+                String.length model.username
+        in
+        if usernameLength < minUsernameChars then
+            [ "Username not long enough" ]
+        else if usernameLength > maxUsernameChars then
+            [ "Username too long" ]
+        else
+            []
+
+-}
+fromErrors : (subject -> List error) -> Validator error subject
+fromErrors toErrors =
+    Validator toErrors
+
+
+{-| Return an error if a predicate returns `True` for the given
+subject.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifTrue)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        ifTrue (\model -> countSelected model < 2)
+            "Please select at least two."
+
+-}
+ifTrue : (subject -> Bool) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifTrue test error =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            if test subject then
+                [ error ]
+            else
+                []
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
+
+
+{-| Return an error if a predicate returns `False` for the given
+subject.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifFalse)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        ifFalse (\model -> countSelected model >= 2)
+            "Please select at least two."
+
+-}
+ifFalse : (subject -> Bool) -> error -> Validator error subject
+ifFalse test error =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            if test subject then
+                []
+            else
+                [ error ]
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
+
+
+
+-- COMBINING VALIDATORS --
+
+
+{-| Run each of the given validators, in order, and return their concatenated
+error lists.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifNotInt)
+
+    modelValidator : Validator Model String
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ ifBlank .name "Please enter a name."
+            , ifBlank .email "Please enter an email address."
+            , ifNotInt .age "Age must be a whole number."
+            ]
+
+-}
+all : List (Validator error subject) -> Validator error subject
+all validators =
+    let
+        newGetErrors subject =
+            let
+                accumulateErrors (Validator getErrors) totalErrors =
+                    totalErrors ++ getErrors subject
+            in
+            List.foldl accumulateErrors [] validators
+    in
+    Validator newGetErrors
+
+
+{-| Run each of the given validators, in order, stopping after the first error
+and returning it. If no errors are encountered, return `Nothing`.
+
+    import Validate exposing (Validator, ifBlank, ifInvalidEmail, ifNotInt)
+
+
+    type alias Model =
+        { email : String, age : String }
+
+
+    modelValidator : Validator String Model
+    modelValidator =
+        Validate.all
+            [ Validate.firstError
+                [ ifBlank .email "Please enter an email address."
+                , ifInvalidEmail .email "This is not a valid email address."
+                ]
+            , ifNotInt .age "Age must be a whole number."
+            ]
+
+
+    validate modelValidator { email = " ", age = "5" }
+        --> [ "Please enter an email address." ]
+
+    validate modelValidator { email = "blah", age = "5" }
+        --> [ "This is not a valid email address." ]
+
+    validate modelValidator { email = "foo@bar.com", age = "5" }
+        --> []
+
+-}
+firstError : List (Validator error subject) -> Validator error subject
+firstError validators =
+    let
+        getErrors subject =
+            firstErrorHelp validators subject
+    in
+    Validator getErrors
+
+
+firstErrorHelp : List (Validator error subject) -> subject -> List error
+firstErrorHelp validators subject =
+    case validators of
+        [] ->
+            []
+
+        (Validator getErrors) :: rest ->
+            case getErrors subject of
+                [] ->
+                    firstErrorHelp rest subject
+
+                errors ->
+                    errors
+
+
+{-| Return `True` if none of the given validators returns any errors for the given
+subject, and `False` if any validator returns one or more errors.
+-}
+any : List (Validator error subject) -> subject -> Bool
+any validators subject =
+    case validators of
+        [] ->
+            True
+
+        (Validator getErrors) :: others ->
+            case getErrors subject of
+                [] ->
+                    any others subject
+
+                error :: _ ->
+                    False
+
+
+
+-- CHECKING VALUES DIRECTLY --
+
+
+{-| Returns `True` if the given string is nothing but whitespace.
+
+[`ifBlank`](#ifBlank) uses this under the hood.
+
+-}
+isBlank : String -> Bool
+isBlank str =
+    Regex.contains lacksNonWhitespaceChars str
+
+
+{-| Returns `True` if the email is valid.
+
+[`ifInvalidEmail`](#ifInvalidEmail) uses this under the hood.
+
+-}
+isValidEmail : String -> Bool
+isValidEmail email =
+    Regex.contains validEmail email
+
+
+{-| Returns `True` if `String.toInt` on the given string returns an `Ok`.
+
+[`ifNotInt`](#ifNotInt) uses this under the hood.
+
+-}
+isInt : String -> Bool
+isInt str =
+    case String.toInt str of
+        Ok _ ->
+            True
+
+        Err _ ->
+            False
+
+
+
+-- INTERNAL HELPERS --
+
+
+lacksNonWhitespaceChars : Regex
+lacksNonWhitespaceChars =
+    Regex.regex "^\\s*$"
+
+
+validEmail : Regex
+validEmail =
+    Regex.regex "^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+\\/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?(?:\\.[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?)*$"
+        |> Regex.caseInsensitive
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f44ae7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/ValidateTests.elm
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ValidateTests exposing (..)
+
+import Expect exposing (Expectation)
+import Fuzz exposing (Fuzzer, int, list, string)
+import Test exposing (..)
+import Validate
+
+
+blankness : Test
+blankness =
+    describe "blankness"
+        [ test "empty string is blank" <|
+            \() ->
+                ""
+                    |> Validate.isBlank
+                    |> Expect.true "Validate.isBlank should have considered empty string blank"
+        , fuzz whitespace "whitespace characters are blank" <|
+            \str ->
+                str
+                    |> Validate.isBlank
+                    |> Expect.true "Validate.isBlank should consider whitespace blank"
+        , fuzz2 whitespace whitespace "non-whitespace characters mean it's not blank" <|
+            \prefix suffix ->
+                (prefix ++ "_" ++ suffix)
+                    |> Validate.isBlank
+                    |> Expect.false "Validate.isBlank shouldn't consider strings containing non-whitespace characters blank"
+        ]
+
+
+email : Test
+email =
+    describe "email"
+        [ test "empty string is not a valid email" <|
+            \() ->
+                ""
+                    |> Validate.isValidEmail
+                    |> Expect.false "Validate.isValidEmail should have considered empty string blank"
+        , test "valid email is valid" <|
+            \() ->
+                "foo@bar.com"
+                    |> Validate.isValidEmail
+                    |> Expect.true "Validate.isValidEmail should have considered foo@bar.com a valid email address"
+        ]
+
+
+whitespace : Fuzzer String
+whitespace =
+    [ ' ', ' ', '\t', '\n' ]
+        |> List.map Fuzz.constant
+        |> Fuzz.oneOf
+        |> Fuzz.list
+        |> Fuzz.map String.fromList
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-package.json b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d2d828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "summary": "Test Suites",
+    "repository": "https://github.com/rtfeldman/elm-validate.git",
+    "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "source-directories": [
+        "../src",
+        "."
+    ],
+    "exposed-modules": [],
+    "dependencies": {
+        "elm-lang/core": "5.0.0 <= v < 6.0.0",
+        "elm-community/elm-test": "4.0.0 <= v < 5.0.0"
+    },
+    "elm-version": "0.18.0 <= v < 0.19.0"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1feeb5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/part3/elm-stuff/packages/rtfeldman/elm-validate/3.0.0/tests/elm-verify-examples.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "root": "../src",
+  "tests": [ "Validate" ]
+}
diff --git a/part3/src/Data/Article/Author.elm b/part3/src/Data/Article/Author.elm
index ab8f108..a632508 100644
--- a/part3/src/Data/Article/Author.elm
+++ b/part3/src/Data/Article/Author.elm
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module Data.Article.Author exposing (Author, decoder)
 import Data.User as User exposing (Username)
 import Data.UserPhoto as UserPhoto exposing (UserPhoto)
 import Json.Decode as Decode exposing (Decoder)
-import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (custom, decode, required)
+import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (custom, decode, optional, required)
 
 
 decoder : Decoder Author
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ decoder =
         |> required "username" User.usernameDecoder
         |> required "bio" (Decode.nullable Decode.string)
         |> required "image" UserPhoto.decoder
-        |> required "following" Decode.bool
+        |> optional "following" Decode.bool False
 
 
 type alias Author =
diff --git a/part3/src/Data/User.elm b/part3/src/Data/User.elm
index 40f6338..aa60a0c 100644
--- a/part3/src/Data/User.elm
+++ b/part3/src/Data/User.elm
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import Data.AuthToken as AuthToken exposing (AuthToken)
 import Data.UserPhoto as UserPhoto exposing (UserPhoto)
 import Html exposing (Html)
 import Json.Decode as Decode exposing (Decoder)
-import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (decode, required)
+import Json.Decode.Pipeline exposing (decode, optional, required)
 import Json.Encode as Encode exposing (Value)
 import Json.Encode.Extra as EncodeExtra
 import UrlParser
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ type alias User =
     , username : Username
     , bio : Maybe String
     , image : UserPhoto
-    , createdAt : String
-    , updatedAt : String
     }
 
 
@@ -33,8 +31,6 @@ decoder =
         |> required "username" usernameDecoder
         |> required "bio" (Decode.nullable Decode.string)
         |> required "image" UserPhoto.decoder
-        |> required "createdAt" Decode.string
-        |> required "updatedAt" Decode.string
 
 
 encode : User -> Value
@@ -45,8 +41,6 @@ encode user =
         , ( "username", encodeUsername user.username )
         , ( "bio", EncodeExtra.maybe Encode.string user.bio )
         , ( "image", UserPhoto.encode user.image )
-        , ( "createdAt", Encode.string user.createdAt )
-        , ( "updatedAt", Encode.string user.updatedAt )
         ]
 
 
diff --git a/part3/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm b/part3/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm
index a97715c..bf7f768 100644
--- a/part3/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm
+++ b/part3/src/Data/UserPhoto.elm
@@ -39,7 +39,15 @@ photoToUrl : UserPhoto -> String
 photoToUrl (UserPhoto maybeUrl) =
     case maybeUrl of
         Nothing ->
-            "https://static.productionready.io/images/smiley-cyrus.jpg"
+            defaultPhotoUrl
+
+        Just "" ->
+            defaultPhotoUrl
 
         Just url ->
             url
+
+
+defaultPhotoUrl : String
+defaultPhotoUrl =
+    "/assets/images/smiley-cyrus.jpg"
diff --git a/part3/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm b/part3/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm
index bb1c579..8ba8e27 100644
--- a/part3/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm
+++ b/part3/src/Page/Article/Editor.elm
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import Data.Article as Article exposing (Article, Body)
 import Data.Session exposing (Session)
 import Data.User exposing (User)
 import Html exposing (..)
-import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, disabled, href, id, placeholder, type_, value)
+import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, defaultValue, disabled, href, id, placeholder, type_)
 import Html.Events exposing (onInput, onSubmit)
 import Http
 import Page.Errored exposing (PageLoadError, pageLoadError)
@@ -102,26 +102,26 @@ viewForm model =
                 [ class "form-control-lg"
                 , placeholder "Article Title"
                 , onInput SetTitle
-                , value model.title
+                , defaultValue model.title
                 ]
                 []
             , Form.input
                 [ placeholder "What's this article about?"
                 , onInput SetDescription
-                , value model.description
+                , defaultValue model.description
                 ]
                 []
             , Form.textarea
                 [ placeholder "Write your article (in markdown)"
                 , attribute "rows" "8"
                 , onInput SetBody
-                , value model.body
+                , defaultValue model.body
                 ]
                 []
             , Form.input
                 [ placeholder "Enter tags"
                 , onInput SetTags
-                , value (String.join " " model.tags)
+                , defaultValue (String.join " " model.tags)
                 ]
                 []
             , button [ class "btn btn-lg pull-xs-right btn-primary", disabled model.isSaving ]
diff --git a/part3/src/Page/Register.elm b/part3/src/Page/Register.elm
index 3349060..e1e09a2 100644
--- a/part3/src/Page/Register.elm
+++ b/part3/src/Page/Register.elm
@@ -186,10 +186,23 @@ modelValidator =
     Validate.all
         [ ifBlank .username ( Username, "username can't be blank." )
         , ifBlank .email ( Email, "email can't be blank." )
-        , ifBlank .password ( Password, "password can't be blank." )
+        , Validate.fromErrors passwordLength
         ]
 
 
+minPasswordChars : Int
+minPasswordChars =
+    6
+
+
+passwordLength : Model -> List Error
+passwordLength { password } =
+    if String.length password < minPasswordChars then
+        [ ( Password, "password must be at least " ++ toString minPasswordChars ++ " characters long." ) ]
+    else
+        []
+
+
 errorsDecoder : Decoder (List String)
 errorsDecoder =
     decode (\email username password -> List.concat [ email, username, password ])
diff --git a/part3/src/Views/Article.elm b/part3/src/Views/Article.elm
index 180b1ec..c1f229b 100644
--- a/part3/src/Views/Article.elm
+++ b/part3/src/Views/Article.elm
@@ -7,12 +7,22 @@ import Data.Article exposing (Article)
 import Data.UserPhoto as UserPhoto exposing (UserPhoto)
 import Date.Format
 import Html exposing (..)
-import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, classList, href, id, src)
+import Html.Attributes exposing (attribute, class, classList, href, id, placeholder, src)
 import Route exposing (Route)
 import Views.Article.Favorite as Favorite
 import Views.Author
 
 
+-- VIEWS --
+
+
+{-| Some pages want to view just the timestamp, not the whole article.
+-}
+viewTimestamp : Article a -> Html msg
+viewTimestamp article =
+    span [ class "date" ] [ text (formattedTimestamp article) ]
+
+
 view : (Article a -> msg) -> Article a -> Html msg
 view toggleFavorite article =
     let
@@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ view toggleFavorite article =
                 [ img [ UserPhoto.src author.image ] [] ]
             , div [ class "info" ]
                 [ Views.Author.view author.username
-                , viewTimestamp article
+                , span [ class "date" ] [ text (formattedTimestamp article) ]
                 ]
             , Favorite.button
                 toggleFavorite
@@ -41,9 +51,8 @@ view toggleFavorite article =
         ]
 
 
-viewTimestamp : Article a -> Html msg
-viewTimestamp article =
-    span [ class "date" ] [ text (formattedTimestamp article) ]
+
+-- INTERNAL --
 
 
 formattedTimestamp : Article a -> String